{"id":120492,"date":"2024-09-27T10:48:50","date_gmt":"2024-09-27T08:48:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/ultrafast-2d-spectroscopy-probes-charge-separation-in-the-plant-photosystem\/"},"modified":"2024-09-27T11:04:50","modified_gmt":"2024-09-27T09:04:50","slug":"ultrafast-2d-spectroscopy-probes-charge-separation-in-the-plant-photosystem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/ca\/investiguen-la-separacio-de-carregues-en-el-fotosistema-de-les-plantes-mitjancant-espectroscopia-2d-ultrarapida","title":{"rendered":"Investiguen la separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues en el fotosistema de les plantes mitjan\u00e7ant espectrosc\u00f2pia 2D ultrar\u00e0pida"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Un equip de recerca liderat per l’IBEC i l’ICFO ha desenvolupat i validat una nova t\u00e8cnica d’espectrosc\u00f2pia d’electrons fotoelectroqu\u00edmica per investigar la din\u00e0mica de separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues, un pas crucial de la fotos\u00edntesi, en complexos fotosint\u00e8tics.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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La fotos\u00edntesi \u00e9s el proc\u00e9s mitjan\u00e7ant el qual alguns organismes (per exemple, plantes, algues i algunes bact\u00e8ries) transformen l’energia lluminosa en energia qu\u00edmica. Aquest proc\u00e9s comen\u00e7a amb l’absorci\u00f3 de llum (fotons) per part de certs pigments (principalment clorofil\u00b7la) i acaba amb un flux d’electrons en el qual se sustenten les reaccions bioqu\u00edmiques que fan possible la vida en la terra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un pas intermedi que encara no s’ha explorat directament, principalment perqu\u00e8 es produeix en escales de temps ultrar\u00e0pides, \u00e9s l’anomenada separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues. Un cop el pigment absorbeix un fot\u00f3, un electr\u00f3 s’excita a un nivell d’energia superior. Aquesta energia addicional es transfereix a ubicacions espec\u00edfiques, anomenades centres de reacci\u00f3, provocant que, de nou, un electr\u00f3 de la clorofil\u00b7la en aquests centres s’exciti i es transfereixi a un altre complex (la mol\u00e8cula acceptora). En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, la clorofil\u00b7la es carrega positivament, cosa que significa que ha tingut lloc la separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues. Aquesta difer\u00e8ncia de c\u00e0rrega \u00e9s crucial perqu\u00e8 estableix un flux d’electrons d’alta energia que impulsar\u00e0 la resta del proc\u00e9s fotosint\u00e8tic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Crec que els nostres resultats s\u00f3n molt significatius perqu\u00e8 hem proporcionat una nova forma d’accedir directament als processos de separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues, que s\u00f3n crucials per entendre la fotos\u00edntesi.<\/p>\nLuca Bolzonello<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Per a poder desxifrar els complexos fotosint\u00e8tics i idear noves estrat\u00e8gies fotosint\u00e8tiques, \u00e9s clau investigar les rutes que condueixen a la separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues. Aquest fenomen ha estat abordat recentment en un treball conjunt entre investigadors de l’ICFO i de l’IBEC, tamb\u00e9 en col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 amb la Universitat de P\u00e0dua i la Universitat Lliure d\u2019Amsterdam. L’equip ha desenvolupat i validat una nova t\u00e8cnica d’Espectrosc\u00f2pia Electr\u00f2nica Bidimensional Fotoelectroqu\u00edmica (PEC2DES, per les seves sigles en angl\u00e8s), que permet investigar directament la din\u00e0mica de la separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues en complexos fotosint\u00e8tics. El seu m\u00e8tode va ser presentat a ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Segons els investigadors, el descobriment podria utilitzar-se en dispositius bioh\u00edbrids i sensors que depenen del control prec\u00eds i la comprensi\u00f3 dels processos de transfer\u00e8ncia d’electrons dins d’assemblatges de prote\u00efnes complexos. El Dr. Luca Bolzonello Bolzonello, investigador de l\u2019IBEC y coprimer autor de l\u2019article, tamb\u00e9 suggereix que una de les aplicacions prometedores de PEC2DES podria ser \u201cel disseny i l’optimitzaci\u00f3 de sistemes fotosint\u00e8tics artificials, cosa que al seu torn podria millorar l’efici\u00e8ncia de la conversi\u00f3 d’energia solar\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCrec que els nostres resultats s\u00f3n molt significatius perqu\u00e8 hem proporcionat una nova forma d’accedir directament als processos de separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues, que s\u00f3n crucials per entendre la fotos\u00edntesi\u201d, destaca Bolzonello.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A difer\u00e8ncia dels m\u00e8todes \u00f2ptics tradicionals, PEC2DES combina de manera \u00fanica la detecci\u00f3 fotoelectroqu\u00edmica (PEC) amb l’espectrosc\u00f2pia no lineal (2DES), permetent investigar l’esdeveniment de la separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues de manera selectiva i revelant pistes importants sobre les din\u00e0miques d’excitaci\u00f3 i transfer\u00e8ncia de c\u00e0rregues dins de sistemes fotosint\u00e8tics complexos. Encara m\u00e9s important, aquesta t\u00e8cnica pot estudiar la din\u00e0mica ultrar\u00e0pida dels excitons dins del sistema senzillament mesurant directament el producte de la fotos\u00edntesi, \u00e9s a dir, les c\u00e0rregues el\u00e8ctriques que es mouen al llarg de la cadena de transport d’electrons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Combinant PEC i 2DES per obtenir PEC2DES<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Per validar el seu m\u00e8tode, els investigadors van utilitzar el Complex Fotosistema I-Complex de Captaci\u00f3 de Llum I (PSI-LHCI, per les seves sigles en angl\u00e8s) com a sistema model, on l’absorci\u00f3 de llum per les \u2018clorofil\u00b7les d’antena\u2019 s’utilitza per a impulsar la separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues al centre de reacci\u00f3. “A l’IBEC fa anys que estudiem com les prote\u00efnes intercanvien electrons, un proc\u00e9s fonamental per al metabolisme de les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules. Aquest coneixement ens va ajudar a desenvolupar un m\u00e8tode per a captar els electrons que produeix el Complex Fotosistema-I en ser il\u00b7luminat.” Apunta Manuel L\u00f3pez, coprimer autor de l’estudi que va defensar recentment la seva tesi doctoral a l’IBEC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A l’IBEC fa anys que estudiem com les prote\u00efnes intercanvien electrons, un proc\u00e9s fonamental per al metabolisme de les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules. Aquest coneixement ens va ajudar a desenvolupar un m\u00e8tode per a captar els electrons que produeix el Complex Fotosistema-I en ser il\u00b7luminat.<\/p>\nManuel L\u00f3pez<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Primer, van desenvolupar el sistema fotoelectroqu\u00edmic (PEC) a l\u2019IBEC per mesurar el corrent generat pels complexos PSI-LHCI. Despr\u00e9s, van integrar aquest sistema amb un sistema d’espectrosc\u00f2pia electr\u00f2nica bidimensional (2DES) a l\u2019ICFO. Tal com detalla L\u00f3pez: “El desafiament d’aquest projecte no sols consisteix a quantificar el corrent el\u00e8ctric generat pel Fotosistema I, sin\u00f3 a fer-ho amb la precisi\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria per a revelar els subtils processos de migraci\u00f3 d’excitacions entre les clorofil\u00b7les. Amb les mesures de corrent, busquem obtenir informaci\u00f3 sobre com les clorofil\u00b7les excitades transfereixen la seva energia al centre de reacci\u00f3 on l’energia d’excitaci\u00f3 es transforma en parells de c\u00e0rrega el\u00e8ctrica.” Aquesta combinaci\u00f3 sense precedents de PEC i 2DES va donar lloc a la t\u00e8cnica PEC2DES presentada al seu estudi, que per primera vegada va identificar les c\u00e0rregues generades per la interacci\u00f3 de dos fotons als pigments d\u2019una prote\u00efna fotosint\u00e8tica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEls principals obstacles que vam trobar van ser la necessitat de mantenir l’estabilitat de la mostra durant llargs per\u00edodes de temps, cosa que les mesures amb 2DES sempre requereixen, i la dificultat d’interpretar el senyal PEC2DES\u201d, recorda Bolzonello. \u201cTot i que vam descobrir que la t\u00e8cnica \u00e9s cega davant d’algunes caracter\u00edstiques ultrar\u00e0pides, hem aplanat el cam\u00ed per resoldre aquests problemes\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Representaci\u00f3 esquem\u00e0tica de la resposta de corrent\u00a0fotoelectroqu\u00edmica\u00a0dels el\u00e8ctrodes d’or transparents de l’estudi. Font:\u00a0ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Perspectives futures: cap a sistemes fotosint\u00e8tics artificials<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

L’equip acaba d’obrir la porta per rastrejar la din\u00e0mica ultrar\u00e0pida dels processos de separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues amb la t\u00e8cnica PEC2DES. En un futur proper, els agradaria perfeccionar la seva eina identificant i minimitzant els efectes de la barreja incoherent, un fenomen no desitjat que contamina l’objecte d’estudi, en aquest cas, la din\u00e0mica de separaci\u00f3 de c\u00e0rregues. Tamb\u00e9 consideren explorar l’aplicaci\u00f3 d’aquesta t\u00e8cnica a altres complexos fotosint\u00e8tics o dirigir-la a sistemes artificials on l’efecte de la barreja incoherent, la principal limitaci\u00f3 d’aquesta nova t\u00e8cnica, es minimitzi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquesta recerca ha estat liderada pels professors de recerca ICREA Pau Gorostiza, investigador principal en l’IBEC, i Niek F. van Hulst, investigador principal en ICFO. A m\u00e9s, forma part del projecte Q-SPET<\/a> finan\u00e7at pel programa BIST Ignite, que busca fomentar la col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 entre investigadors i investigadores de la comunitat BIST.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Article referenciat:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manuel L\u00f3pez-Ortiz, Luca Bolzonello, Matteo Bruschi, Elisa Fresch, Elisabetta Collini, Chen Hu, Roberta Croce, Niek F. van Hulst, y Pau Gorostiza. Photoelectrochemical Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy (PEC2DES) of Photosystem I: Charge Separation Dynamics Hidden in a Multichromophoric Landscape.<\/strong> ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces<\/em> (2024). DOI: 10.1021\/acsami.4c03652<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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