{"id":22413,"date":"2016-03-22T12:39:46","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T11:39:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/?p=22413"},"modified":"2021-12-14T17:21:11","modified_gmt":"2021-12-14T16:21:11","slug":"petits-microrrobots-que-netegen-laigua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/ca\/petits-microrrobots-que-netegen-laigua\/","title":{"rendered":"Petits microrrobots que netegen l’aigua"},"content":{"rendered":"

El grup de Samuel S\u00e1nchez en col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 amb investigadors de Stuttgart i Singapur, utilitza l’\u00f2xid de graf\u00e8 per a realitzar els seus motors a la micro escala, que s\u00f3n capa\u00e7os d’absorbir el plom de les aig\u00fces residuals industrials a partir d’un nivell de 1.000 parts per mil milions fins a menys de 50 parts per mil milions en tan sols una hora. L’avantatge m\u00e9s tard es pot retirar per al seu reciclatge, i els micromotors es poden utilitzar una vegada i una altra.<\/p>\n

“La capa exterior de la microrrobot, que \u00e9s de graf\u00e8 captura el plom,” diu Samuel, professor ICREA i responsable de grup en el IBEC i l’Institut Max-Planck de Sistemes Intel\u00b7ligents a Stuttgart. “La capa interna de plat\u00ed funciona com el motor, la descomposici\u00f3 de per\u00f2xid d’hidrogen funciona com a combustible de manera que el robot pot autopropulsar-se.” Quan s’afegeix per\u00f2xid d’hidrogen per a l’aigua residual, el plat\u00ed es descompon en aigua i bombolles d’oxigen, que s’expulsen des de la part posterior del microrrobot per impulsar-ho cap endavant. “\u00c9s important utilitzar un sistema d’eliminaci\u00f3 de contaminants que no produeix cap contaminaci\u00f3 addicional”, explica Samuel.<\/p>\n

Entre les capes d’\u00f2xid de plat\u00ed i de graf\u00e8 hi ha una capa de n\u00edquel que permet als investigadors controlar el moviment i l’adre\u00e7a del microrrobot magn\u00e8ticament des de l’exterior. “Es pot utilitzar un camp magn\u00e8tic per recollir a tots des de l’aigua quan hagin acabat,” diu Samuel. “En el futur, el nostre eixam microrrobots podria ser controlat per un sistema automatitzat que els guia magn\u00e8ticament per dur a terme diverses tasques.”<\/p>\n

La contaminaci\u00f3 de l’aigua per metalls pesants – com a plom, ars\u00e8nic, mercuri i altres metalls – es deriva de les activitats industrials i suposa un seri\u00f3s risc per a la salut p\u00fablica i la vida silvestre. Aquests nous microrrobots – m\u00e9s petits que el di\u00e0metre d’un cabell hum\u00e0 – ofereixen una soluci\u00f3 potencialment m\u00e9s r\u00e0pida i barata que els actuals m\u00e8todes de neteja d’aigua, a m\u00e9s de ser respectu\u00f3s amb el medi ambient: permet tractar amb responsabilitat els contaminants recollits refusant el plom per reciclar-ho, aix\u00ed com reutilitzar els propis microrrobots.<\/p>\n

“Ara planegem desenvolupar els nostres microrrobots perqu\u00e8 siguin capa\u00e7os de recollir altres contaminants, a m\u00e9s de reduir el cost de fabricar-los i ser capa\u00e7os de produir-los en massa”, diu Samuel, que tamb\u00e9 treballa en micro i nanorrobots autopropulsats per a aplicacions per a l’administraci\u00f3 de f\u00e0rmacs.<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

Article de refer\u00e8ncia:<\/strong> <\/em>Diana Vilela, et al. “Graphene-Based Microbots for Toxic Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery from Water.<\/a>” Nano Letters<\/i>, 10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b00768<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

Samuel S\u00e1nchez: Q&A<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Samuel, com milloren els seus nanorrobots els m\u00e8todes actuals que s’utilitzen per descontaminar l’aigua contaminada amb metalls pesants?
    \n<\/em>“Els m\u00e8todes actuals s\u00f3n l’osmosi inversa, l’intercanvi i\u00f2nic, la filtraci\u00f3 per membrana i la precipitaci\u00f3 qu\u00edmica dels ions de metalls pesants, que s\u00f3n m\u00e8todes cars o que produeixen residus secundaris. El principal avantatge dels nostres microrrobots \u00e9s que s\u00f3n m\u00e9s efica\u00e7os, i ofereixen la possibilitat de recuperar els metalls pesants per reciclar sense crear residus secundaris. A m\u00e9s, els nostres micrrrobots s\u00f3n f\u00e0cils i simples d’usar, tenen costos molt baixos d’instal\u00b7laci\u00f3.
    \n“El graf\u00e9 per si mateix \u00e9s ja un molt bon material per a l’eliminaci\u00f3 de metalls pesants, i els nostres resultats mostren que podem augmentar la seva efic\u00e0cia mitjan\u00e7ant l’\u00fas d’un disseny de microrrobot actiu – el que significa que \u00e9s el microrrobot el que es mou a trav\u00e9s de l’aigua, i no l’aigua que s’elimina a trav\u00e9s de membranes, etc., utilitzant fonts d’energia externes com l’alta pressi\u00f3. Aix\u00f2 disminueix el consum d’energia i per tant el cost.
    \n“No obstant aix\u00f2, el que plat\u00ed s’utilitza com a material catal\u00edtic \u00e9s bastant car. \u00c9s possible utilitzar un material de catalitzador alternatiu com el di\u00f2xid de mangan\u00e8s per reduir el cost de les possibles aplicacions comercials. I, per descomptat, la reutilitzaci\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 disminueix el cost addicional. A m\u00e9s, en el nostre treball hem demostrat que l’\u00fas de per\u00f2xid es pot evitar mitjan\u00e7ant l’\u00fas d’un sistema magn\u00e8tic perqu\u00e8 els microrrobots nedin activament, segueix sent un m\u00e8tode efica\u00e7, per\u00f2 no ho \u00e9s tant com el m\u00e8tode autopropulsat en baixa concentraci\u00f3 de per\u00f2xid d’hidrogen. El per\u00f2xid d’hidrogen \u00e9s un reactiu qu\u00edmic verd que despr\u00e9s del proc\u00e9s de descontaminaci\u00f3 solament produeix aigua i oxigen”.<\/li>\n
  2. En termes financers, Com \u00e9s de gran el problema de la contaminaci\u00f3 per metalls pesants de l’aigua?
    \n<\/em>Els costos de la contaminaci\u00f3 de metalls pesants s\u00f3n d’al voltant de 5 mil milions de d\u00f2lars a l’any als EEUU i encara m\u00e9s a Xina.<\/li>\n
  3. On s’imagina que utilitzaran els seus microrrobots? Es poden posar en un riu que contaminat per processos industrials, per exemple?
    \n<\/em>“Tenim la idea d’utilitzar els microrrobots pel pretractament de les aig\u00fces residuals industrials abans de bolcar en un riu. Els microrrobots nedaran en un entorn controlat, com a petits dip\u00f2sits, canonades o contenidors, per\u00f2 encara no en aig\u00fces obertes. Aquesta t\u00e8cnica \u00e9s escalable, per la qual cosa preveiem que les petites empreses podrien utilitzar microrrobots para descontaminar l’aigua en cas que no poden permetre’s el luxe de portar les seves aig\u00fces residuals a les plantes de descontaminaci\u00f3. En lloc de portar l’aigua a la planta, portem els microrrobot a l’empresa.
    \n“Un mecanisme diferent podria ser utilitzat per a l’acte-propulsi\u00f3 sense usar per\u00f2xid d’hidrogen, per\u00f2 la vida \u00fatil de la microrrobot seria molt curta. En aquest moment, creiem que s\u00f3n m\u00e9s pr\u00e0ctics per usar en un entorn controlat, com en un tanc d’aigua residual contaminada amb metalls pesants en una planta industrial “.<\/li>\n
  4. Es poden usar els microrrobots per netejar altres tipus de contaminants d’aigua, com el petroli?
    \n<\/em>“<\/em>Els microrrobots s\u00f3n molt vers\u00e0tils quant a les seves aplicacions mediambientals, depenent de la seva funcionalizaci\u00f3 qu\u00edmica per a diferents objectius. El nostre grup va informar per primera vegada de la degradaci\u00f3 eficient de contaminants org\u00e0nics per sistemes autopropulsats amb una superf\u00edcie de ferro (Soler et al., ACS Nano<\/em> 2013 7 (11), 9611-9620), i els nostres resultats recents mostren que es poden utilitzar m\u00faltiples vegades durant diversos mesos sense molta disminuci\u00f3 de l’activitat (Parmar et al., Adv. Funct. Mat.<\/em> 2016 DOI: 10.1002\/adfm.201600381). La captaci\u00f3 d’hidrocarburs va ser reportat pel grup del Dr. Joe Wang mitjan\u00e7ant l’\u00fas d’una funcionalizaci\u00f3 de la superf\u00edcie hidr\u00f2foba diferent, per\u00f2, com ja he explicat abans, \u00e9s dif\u00edcil d’usar microrrobots en la naturalesa, hagut d’algunes de les limitacions del sistema actual(Wang et al., ACSNano<\/em> 2012).”<\/li>\n
  5. Quan creus que els microrrobots estaran disponibles per a l’\u00fas comercial?
    \n<\/em>“Actualment, som finan\u00e7ats per la subvenci\u00f3 Proof of Concept de l’ERC amb la finalitat de comercialitzar-los o crear un spin-off d’aquest projecte. A m\u00e9s, estem en contacte amb diverses companyies que estan interessades a la nostra tecnologia. No obstant aix\u00f2, alguns aspectes han de tenir-se en compte com, per exemple, la producci\u00f3 en massa i el cost. En aquest moment \u00e9s dif\u00edcil de dir, per\u00f2 al meu entendre, hauria de veure’s el primer \u00fas comercial de microrrobots autopropulsats al llarg del proper parell d’anys”.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

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