{"id":66993,"date":"2019-06-18T17:18:58","date_gmt":"2019-06-18T15:18:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\/"},"modified":"2020-06-15T11:36:43","modified_gmt":"2020-06-15T09:36:43","slug":"closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/ca\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9s a prop de l\u2019atles funcional del cervell"},"content":{"rendered":"

Els diferents tipus de neuroreceptors i la seva localitzaci\u00f3 en el sistema nervi\u00f3s estan ben caracteritzats. Tot i aix\u00f2, la seva funci\u00f3 pot variar depenent de la seva ubicaci\u00f3 a la neurona o a les diferents regions del cervell i, fins al moment, no existia cap m\u00e8tode que permet\u00e9s als experts con\u00e8ixer aquestes difer\u00e8ncies.<\/p>\n

Ara, cient\u00edfics de l’Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya<\/a> (IBEC) han desenvolupat una t\u00e8cnica amb la qual han pogut determinar el paper d’un neuroreceptor amb gran precisi\u00f3 espacial i temporal. Aquest m\u00e8tode, traslladable a altres receptors i prote\u00efnes, proporciona una nova eina per entendre com funciona el cervell.<\/p>\n

Aquesta t\u00e8cnica innovadora obre la porta a cartografiar un atles funcional del cervell. \u201cJa hi ha atles del cervell, mapes tridimensionals que ens permeten con\u00e8ixer la seva anatomia i quins neuroreceptors hi ha a cada regi\u00f3\u201d, explica Pau Gorostiza, cap de l’estudi, professor d’investigaci\u00f3 ICREA i responsable del Grup de Nanosondes i Nanocommutadors<\/a> de l’IBEC. \u201cPer\u00f2 encara no sabem quins rols pot jugar un mateix tipus de receptor a diferents \u00e0rees cerebrals. La nostra recerca fa noves passes en el desenvolupament d’un atles funcional del cervell, una eina tan potent com necess\u00e0ria per a la neurobiologia\u201d.<\/p>\n

Fotofarmacologia i l\u00f2gica positiva<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Per entendre la funci\u00f3 fisiol\u00f2gica d’un receptor cal saber on, com i durant quant de temps porta a terme la seva activitat. Generalment aquest repte s\u2019ha abordat amb t\u00e8cniques basades en la modificaci\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica i la farmacologia.<\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, aquestes metodologies tenen diverses defici\u00e8ncies. En primer lloc, suposen la inhibici\u00f3 del receptor a tot l’organisme, fet que impedeix observar la funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica del receptor a cada ubicaci\u00f3. A m\u00e9s, no \u00e9s possible estudiar en detall els receptors essencials, ja que inhibir-los pot provocar la mort de l’animal.<\/p>\n

Per\u00f2 la defici\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s notable \u00e9s inherent a la t\u00e8cnica en si: podem identificar la funci\u00f3 d’un receptor basant-nos \u00fanicament en el que passa quan no est\u00e0 actiu en un organisme? Aqu\u00ed \u00e9s on entra en joc la t\u00e8cnica desenvolupada per l’equip de Gorostiza. \u201cHem intentat aplicar una l\u00f2gica inversa, positiva. Hem utilitzat un f\u00e0rmac que inhibeix espec\u00edficament el neuroreceptor mGlu5<\/sub>, i que, a m\u00e9s, \u00e9s fotocommutable. Aix\u00f2 vol dir que podem activar els receptors all\u00e0 on il\u00b7luminem. Utilitzant un l\u00e0ser de llum infraroja polsada, hem aconseguit activar-amb precisi\u00f3 de micr\u00f2metres (mil\u00b7l\u00e8simes de mil\u00b7l\u00edmetre) i a gran profunditat. D\u2019aquesta manera, hem pogut veure com actua el neuroreceptor a les diferents regions d’una mateixa neurona\u201d, explica l’expert.<\/p>\n

A m\u00e9s de permetre el control espacial de l’activitat del neuroreceptor, la t\u00e8cnica proporciona un gran control en el temps de durada de l’activitat. \u201cPer primera vegada, podem aplicar farmacologia en 4D: no nom\u00e9s controlem on s’activa el f\u00e0rmac a nivell tridimensional, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 podem decidir durant quant de temps. Nom\u00e9s cal apagar el l\u00e0ser\u201d.<\/p>\n

La clau de l’estudi es troba en l\u2019\u00fas d’estimulaci\u00f3 de doble fot\u00f3 mitjan\u00e7ant l\u00e0sers infrarojos polsats. Fins fa poc, les t\u00e8cniques basades en mol\u00e8cules fotocommutables empraven l\u00e0sers de llum cont\u00ednua violeta o blava (estimulaci\u00f3 d’un fot\u00f3) per activar aquests compostos, per\u00f2 aquest m\u00e8tode no permet focalitzar l’est\u00edmul en tres dimensions. L’estimulaci\u00f3 de dos fotons,\u00a0<\/em>inicialment teoritzada per Maria Goeppert Mayer, Nobel de F\u00edsica l\u2019any 1965,\u00a0i demostrada pels guanyadors del Nobel de F\u00edsica del 2018, Donna Strickland i G\u00e9rard Mourou, ha representat una revoluci\u00f3 per a la visualitzaci\u00f3 i la manipulaci\u00f3 de l’activitat neuronal.<\/p>\n

\u201cEl cervell \u00e9s l’\u00f2rgan m\u00e9s complex que existeix i, malgrat que la seva anatomia i els gens que s’hi expressen s’han caracteritzat amb una elevada resoluci\u00f3, fins ara no existia un m\u00e8tode amb el qual caracteritzar la funci\u00f3 in situ<\/em> dels receptors neuronals amb resoluci\u00f3 espacial i temporal\u201d”, assegura Silvia Pittolo, primera autora del treball i actualment becaria Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie a la Universitat de Calif\u00f2rnia<\/a> a San Francisco. \u201cLa nostra investigaci\u00f3 podria ser la clau per desbloquejar algunes de les inc\u00f2gnites que amaga el cervell i les xarxes que el formen. Si aconseguim desxifrar la funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica de cada receptor depenent de la seva localitzaci\u00f3, estarem m\u00e9s a prop d’entendre la totalitat de la xarxa neuronal.\u201d<\/p>\n

El treball s’ha realitzat en col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 amb cient\u00edfics de l’Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Barcelona<\/a> (IRB), un centre que, igual que l’IBEC, forma part de l’Institut de Ci\u00e8ncia i Tecnologia de Barcelona<\/a> (BIST); aix\u00ed com investigadors de del Instituto Cajal<\/a>, la Universitat de Barcelona<\/a> (UB), l’Institut de Qu\u00edmica Avan\u00e7ada de Catalunya<\/a> (IQAC-CSIC), el \u00a0Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas<\/a> (CIBERNED-ISCIII) i el Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en el \u00e1rea tem\u00e1tica de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina<\/a> (CIBER-BBN).<\/p>\n

Article de refer\u00e8ncia:<\/strong> Pittolo et al. Reversible silencing of endogenous receptors in intact brain tissue using two-photon pharmacology<\/em><\/a>. PNAS, 2019.\u00a0DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/515288<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\"\"Cient\u00edfics de l’Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya desenvolupen una t\u00e8cnica que permet saber quina \u00e9s la funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica d’un receptor neuronal segons la seva localitzaci\u00f3 en el cervell. L’estudi, publicat a PNAS, es basa en l’activaci\u00f3 de f\u00e0rmacs fotocommutables amb una precisi\u00f3 microm\u00e8trica i ofereix noves oportunitats en neurobiologia.<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

Esquizofr\u00e8nia, depressi\u00f3, miast\u00e8nia… Un gran nombre de malalties neurol\u00f2giques s\u2019originen en el mal funcionament d’un receptor neuronal. Aquestes prote\u00efnes, tamb\u00e9 conegudes com a neuroreceptors, s\u00f3n les encarregades de detectar els neurotransmissors, subst\u00e0ncies qu\u00edmiques que permeten la comunicaci\u00f3 entre neurones. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":66990,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[1150],"post_formats":[],"class_list":["post-66993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies-de-recerca","tag-pau-gorostiza-ca"],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00e9s a prop de l\u2019atles funcional del cervell - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/ca\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M\u00e9s a prop de l\u2019atles funcional del cervell - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cient\u00edfics de l'Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya desenvolupen una t\u00e8cnica que permet saber quina \u00e9s la funci\u00f3 espec\u00edfica d'un receptor neuronal segons la seva localitzaci\u00f3 en el cervell. L'estudi, publicat a PNAS, es basa en l'activaci\u00f3 de f\u00e0rmacs fotocommutables amb una precisi\u00f3 microm\u00e8trica i ofereix noves oportunitats en neurobiologia. Esquizofr\u00e8nia, depressi\u00f3, miast\u00e8nia... Un gran nombre de malalties neurol\u00f2giques s\u2019originen en el mal funcionament d'un receptor neuronal. Aquestes prote\u00efnes, tamb\u00e9 conegudes com a neuroreceptors, s\u00f3n les encarregades de detectar els neurotransmissors, subst\u00e0ncies qu\u00edmiques que permeten la comunicaci\u00f3 entre neurones.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/ca\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-06-18T15:18:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-06-15T09:36:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PGorostiza_PNAS_500.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"535\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u00c0ngels L\u00f3pez\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrit per\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u00c0ngels L\u00f3pez\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Temps estimat de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minuts\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/ca\\\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/ca\\\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u00c0ngels L\u00f3pez\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c212c6b589546130be67986b9290e2b8\"},\"headline\":\"M\u00e9s a prop de l\u2019atles funcional del cervell\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-06-18T15:18:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-06-15T09:36:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/ca\\\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":859,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/ca\\\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/06\\\/PGorostiza_PNAS_500.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Pau Gorostiza\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Not\u00edcies de recerca\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ca\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/ca\\\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ibecbarcelona.eu\\\/ca\\\/closer-to-a-functional-atlas-of-the-brain\\\/\",\"name\":\"M\u00e9s a prop de l\u2019atles funcional del cervell - 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