ABSTRACT<\/b><\/p>\n
The generation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) derived organoids is one\u00a0of the biggest scientific advances in regenerative medicine. Recently, we have\u00a0demonstrated that lengthening the time that hPSCs are exposed to a threedimensional\u00a0microenvironment in the presence of defined renal inductive signals\u00a0we are able to generate kidney organoids that transcriptomically match secondtrimester\u00a0human fetal kidneys. Furthermore, we have recently developed a\u00a0transplantation method that utilizes the chick chorioallantoic membrane to\u00a0emulate a soft in vivo microenvironment further sustaining the growth and\u00a0differentiation of implanted kidney organoids, as well as providing a vascular\u00a0component.<\/p>\n
In order to promote the efficient generation of nephron-like\u00a0structures we have also mimicked the stiffness of the in ovo <\/i>chorioallantoic\u00a0membrane microenvironment in vitro by fabricating compliant hydrogels. This\u00a0approach showed that by mirroring both biochemical and mechanical cues during\u00a0organoid generation we are able to boost renal commitment and nephron\u00a0differentiation. We will also discuss recent findings on the application of different\u00a0bioengineering strategies (i.e., including 3D biopriting and tissue engineering) for\u00a0kidney organoid generation, as well as the definition of culture conditions\u00a0mimicking renal disease. Furthermore, we will discuss how through the use of\u00a0CRISPR\/Cas9 we are able to introduce mutations related to kidney developmental\u00a0diseases exploiting kidney organoid technology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"