{"id":75563,"date":"2020-06-17T11:45:46","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T09:45:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/artificial-systems-imitate-how-cells-move-and-communicate\/"},"modified":"2020-06-19T12:00:34","modified_gmt":"2020-06-19T10:00:34","slug":"artificial-systems-imitate-how-cells-move-and-communicate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/es\/artificial-systems-imitate-how-cells-move-and-communicate\/","title":{"rendered":"Sistemas artificiales que imitan la forma en que las c\u00e9lulas se mueven y se comunican"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

A pesar de ser las unidades m\u00e1s b\u00e1sicas de la vida, las c\u00e9lulas son sistemas muy complejos y refinados. Requieren un c\u00f3ctel preciso de condiciones y componentes para llevar a cabo procesos muy complicados, esenciales para su supervivencia y propagaci\u00f3n. Si bien los cient\u00edficos a\u00fan no han sido capaces de producir de forma artificial una c\u00e9lula viva totalmente aut\u00f3noma, s\u00ed que han conseguido imitar ciertas estructuras y procesos celulares en el laboratorio. Los avances m\u00e1s importantes en este campo emergente de la biomim\u00e9tica ascendente (m\u00e1s conocida como bottom-up biomimicry<\/em>, en ingl\u00e9s) se resumen en una revisi\u00f3n publicada recientemente en la revista cient\u00edfica Small<\/em><\/a>. Samuel S\u00e1nchez, l\u00edder del grupo Smart Nano-Bio-Devices<\/a> en el Instituto de Bioingenier\u00eda de Catalu\u00f1a<\/a> (IBEC) y profesor de investigaci\u00f3n ICREA, es coautor de este art\u00edculo, junto con expertos de Eindhoven University of Technology<\/a> en los Pa\u00edses Bajos y Harbin Institute of Technology<\/a> en China. Dicha revisi\u00f3n cubre cuatro \u00e1reas de la biomim\u00e9tica sint\u00e9tica: la compartimentaci\u00f3n celular, las reacciones biol\u00f3gicas para la producci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda, la motilidad y los comportamientos comunicativos.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

La primera secci\u00f3n explora los diferentes tipos de membranas blandas y compartimentos celulares sintetizados artificialmente, algunos de los cuales son com\u00fanmente usados en biomedicina. Desde estructuras b\u00e1sicas como los liposomas, hasta membranas m\u00e1s complejas con permeabilidad selectiva \u2014tales como los proteinosomas, coacervados o polimerosomas\u2014, los autores proporcionan una visi\u00f3n general de los procedimientos utilizados en el proceso de s\u00edntesis de cada uno de ellos, sus capacidades b\u00e1sicas y su grado de similitud con la naturaleza. Si bien las membranas celulares constituyen un factor esencial para crear las condiciones adecuadas para que se de la vida, los sistemas vivos tambi\u00e9n deben poder transformar la energ\u00eda de fuentes externas. Esto es lo que conocemos como metabolismo, un proceso que permite a las c\u00e9lulas llevar a cabo reacciones m\u00e1s complejas, dando lugar, por ejemplo, a cambios en la forma o a la divisi\u00f3n celular. En esta revisi\u00f3n, los expertos resumen algunas de las reacciones bioqu\u00edmicas reales que se han replicado en el laboratorio, incluida la activaci\u00f3n de cascadas enzim\u00e1ticas complejas y la modulaci\u00f3n de la actividad enzim\u00e1tica. Cabe se\u00f1alar que los logros conseguidos en este \u00e1mbito, a pesar de ser impresionantes, a\u00fan est\u00e1n lejos de imitar con precisi\u00f3n las cadenas de biorreacciones altamente elaboradas, observadas en las c\u00e9lulas vivas.<\/p>\n

\u201cLos avances m\u00e1s importantes en el campo emergente de la biomim\u00e9tica celular se resumen en una nueva revisi\u00f3n publicada en la revista cient\u00edfica Small. El art\u00edculo trata la s\u00edntesis de compartimentos celulares blandos, la reacci\u00f3n bioqu\u00edmica, la motilidad y los comportamientos de comunicaci\u00f3n celular \u00ab.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a>
a) Formation of bowl-shaped stomatocytes from polymersomes. Tunable opening size allows the enzymes trapped inside aqueous cavity.
Reproduced with permissions.[40] Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH. b) Schematic representation and TEM images of a chemotactic polymersome using a
combination of membrane topology formed by PEO-PBO copolymers mixed with either PMPC-PDPA or POEGMA-PDPA copolymers. Reproduced with
permissions.[55] Copyright 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).<\/figcaption><\/figure>Los expertos, a su vez, exploran distintas formas de motilidad que han sido replicadas en c\u00e9lulas sint\u00e9ticas. Desde las formas m\u00e1s b\u00e1sicas de movimiento, como el movimiento guiado o por flotabilidad, hasta el movimiento aleatorio y la quimiotaxis. Esta funci\u00f3n tiene aplicaciones particularmente prometedoras en la administraci\u00f3n de f\u00e1rmacos, ya que las c\u00e9lulas sintetizadas en laboratorio pueden ser \u00abentrenadas\u00bb para moverse hacia el tejido enfermo. Adem\u00e1s, los investigadores han logrado crear c\u00e9lulas nanomotoras que se mueven a distintas velocidades, as\u00ed como c\u00e9lulas con una funci\u00f3n de encendido\/apagado que imitan de forma m\u00e1s precisa el movimiento inherente a las c\u00e9lulas vivas.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Los autores de la revisi\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n discuten las diferentes formas en que los investigadores han recreado la comunicaci\u00f3n intercelular, tanto entre c\u00e9lulas artificiales como entre grupos celulares artificiales y naturales. Hasta la fecha, estos experimentos se han realizado \u00fanicamente con c\u00e9lulas bacterianas, pero los expertos sugieren que es necesario investigar con c\u00e9lulas de mam\u00edferos y humanos para avanzar en este campo y alcanzar una mayor comprensi\u00f3n de sus posibles aplicaciones biom\u00e9dicas.<\/p>\n

La biomim\u00e9tica ha avanzado mucho en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas gracias a los avances m\u00e1s recientes, centrados en dotar a las c\u00e9lulas sint\u00e9ticas de motilidad y capacidad de comunicaci\u00f3n. Aunque todav\u00eda hay mucho por descubrir, el enfoque bottom-up<\/em> ha incrementado en gran medida la comprensi\u00f3n de estas unidades b\u00e1sicas de la vida, permiti\u00e9ndonos pensar de la misma forma en que lo hace la naturaleza.<\/p>\n

\n

Art\u00edculo de referencia<\/em><\/strong>: Lei Wang, Shidong Song, Jan van Hest, Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen, Xin Huang, Samuel S\u00e1nchez (2020) \u201cBiomimicry of Cellular Motility and Communication Based on Synthetic Soft\u2010Architectures<\/a>.\u201d Small, 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Una nueva revisi\u00f3n publicada en la revista cient\u00edfica Small<\/a> resume la investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s importante de los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os sobre biomim\u00e9tica basada en compartimentos celulares blandos sintetizados artificialmente (synthetic soft-architectures) con el fin de inspirar futuros adelantos en este campo.<\/h3>\n

Samuel S\u00e1nchez, Group Leader en el Instituto de Bioingenier\u00eda de Catalu\u00f1a (IBEC) ha participado en la redacci\u00f3n de este art\u00edculo de la mano de expertos de fama mundial en el \u00e1mbito de la bioingenier\u00eda y la s\u00edntesis celular.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":75553,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[858,1139],"post_formats":[],"class_list":["post-75563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticias-de-investigacion","tag-nanomotors-ca-es","tag-samuel-sanchez-es"],"yoast_head":"\nSistemas artificiales que imitan la forma en que las c\u00e9lulas se mueven y se comunican - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/es\/artificial-systems-imitate-how-cells-move-and-communicate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sistemas artificiales que imitan la forma en que las c\u00e9lulas se mueven y se comunican - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Una nueva revisi\u00f3n publicada en la revista cient\u00edfica Small resume la investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s importante de los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os sobre biomim\u00e9tica basada en compartimentos celulares blandos sintetizados artificialmente (synthetic soft-architectures) con el fin de inspirar futuros adelantos en este campo. 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