{"id":85160,"date":"2021-06-17T12:44:15","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T10:44:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/?p=85160"},"modified":"2021-06-21T12:59:04","modified_gmt":"2021-06-21T10:59:04","slug":"consiguen-controlar-las-oscilaciones-cerebrales-con-luz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/es\/consiguen-controlar-las-oscilaciones-cerebrales-con-luz\/","title":{"rendered":"Consiguen controlar\u00a0las\u00a0oscilaciones cerebrales\u00a0con luz\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

El cerebro presenta diferentes estados en funci\u00f3n de la comunicaci\u00f3n entre miles de millones de neuronas,\u00a0y todas nuestras percepciones, recuerdos y comportamientos\u00a0se basan en esa red. A menudo se considera una \u201ccaja negra\u201d de dif\u00edcil acceso para m\u00e9dicos e investigadores, ya que hay pocas\u00a0y limitadas\u00a0herramientas disponibles para realizar estudios precisos\u00a0en espacio y tiempo\u00a0sobre el comportamiento neuronal\u00a0en\u00a0el cerebro. Ahora, investigadores del Instituto de Bioingenier\u00eda de Catalu\u00f1a (IBEC) en colaboraci\u00f3n con el Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas August Pi i\u00a0Sunyer\u00a0(IDIBAPS), han aportado luz al tema:\u00a0<\/span>han conseguido\u00a0por primera vez controlar la actividad neuronal en el cerebro utilizando una mol\u00e9cula que responde a la luz<\/span><\/b>.<\/span> \u00a0<\/span>El estudio, que\u00a0incluy\u00f3 a participantes de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona (UAB)\u00a0y\u00a0se llev\u00f3 a cabo en el marco del\u00a0<\/span>Proyecto\u00a0\u201cHuman\u00a0Brain\u201d de la UE,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0describe la\u00a0primera\u00a0manera\u00a0de\u00a0fotomodular\u00a0directamente las transiciones del estado del cerebro<\/span>\u00a0in vivo<\/span><\/i>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

El trabajo, liderado por\u00a0los\u00a0profesores\u00a0de investigaci\u00f3n ICREA\u00a0Pau Gorostiza\u00a0<\/span>(IBEC-CERCA, BIST, CIBER-BBN)\u00a0<\/span>y\u00a0Mavi\u00a0Sanchez-Vives\u00a0(IDIBAPS)\u00a0ha sido publicado recientemente en la revista\u00a0<\/span>Advanced\u00a0Science<\/span><\/i><\/a>.\u00a0Los resultados muestran que esta nueva mol\u00e9cula\u00a0colin\u00e9rgica, denominada PAI (de\u00a0<\/span>P<\/span>hthalimide-<\/span>A<\/span>zo-<\/span>I<\/span>per) puede controlar espec\u00edfica y\u00a0localmente\u00a0los receptores de acetilcolina, un neurotransmisor cerebral relevante en numerosos procesos como el aprendizaje, la atenci\u00f3n o la memoria.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Control de transiciones de estados cerebrales con luz<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span>Las transiciones entre estados cerebrales, como puede ser pasar de estar dormido a despierto, o despertar de un estado de coma, se basan en la transmisi\u00f3n de se\u00f1ales qu\u00edmicas y el\u00e9ctricas entre grupos de neuronas involucradas en diferentes funciones. Las t\u00e9cnicas actuales para modular la actividad neuronal, como la estimulaci\u00f3n magn\u00e9tica transcraneal o por ultrasonidos, tienen una baja precisi\u00f3n espacio-temporal y un bajo espectro de acci\u00f3n. Una t\u00e9cnica de alta precisi\u00f3n que tambi\u00e9n utiliza la luz para controlar las neuronas es la optogen\u00e9tica, pero depende de la manipulaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica, dificultando su utilizaci\u00f3n en seres humanos por razones de seguridad.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ahora, los investigadores\u00a0han aplicado\u00a0fotofarmacolog\u00eda\u00a0para\u00a0abordar esos problemas.\u00a0Para ello,\u00a0usaron\u00a0una nueva mol\u00e9cula\u00a0previamente desarrollada en IBEC, PAI, que responde a la luz y permite una modulaci\u00f3n\u00a0espacio-temporal\u00a0controlada de las neuronas cerebrales. Esa mol\u00e9cula se une\u00a0y controla\u00a0la actividad de los receptores colin\u00e9rgicos\u00a0muscar\u00ednicos,\u00a0que reconocen la acetilcolina y son\u00a0clave en la interacci\u00f3n y comunicaci\u00f3n neuronal. Mediante el uso de este enfoque, las transiciones de estados cerebrales dependientes de\u00a0inervaci\u00f3n\u00a0colin\u00e9rgica\u00a0pueden controlarse mediante luz usando\u00a0f\u00e1rmacos\u00a0cuyo dise\u00f1o qu\u00edmico les hace\u00a0fotosensibles.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEl control de la actividad neuronal en el cerebro es clave para realizar investigaciones tanto b\u00e1sicas como aplicadas, y para desarrollar t\u00e9cnicas seguras y precisas para llevar a cabo intervenciones cerebrales terap\u00e9uticas en neurolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica\u201d<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr.\u00a0Fabio\u00a0Riefolo\u00a0(IBEC),\u00a0co-primer\u00a0autor del estudio.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0<\/span>Cambios en los estados cerebrales\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Los diferentes estados cerebrales y las transiciones entre ellos est\u00e1n asociados con\u00a0la funci\u00f3n cerebral.\u00a0Est\u00e1n estrechamente vinculados a cambios en los patrones de\u00a0activaci\u00f3n\u00a0cerebral, que a su vez reflejan la actividad y los par\u00e1metros de redes neuronales espec\u00edficas. As\u00ed, la manipulaci\u00f3n de las neuronas\u00a0con precisi\u00f3n\u00a0espacio-temporal\u00a0es fundamental para determinar la relaci\u00f3n entre los estados cerebrales y el comportamiento y para estudiar la influencia de los circuitos neuronales en comportamientos espec\u00edficos.\u00a0Adem\u00e1s, el PAI es farmacol\u00f3gicamente espec\u00edfico para un subtipo de receptor muscar\u00ednico, el M2, lo que ofrece interesantes perspectivas para estudiar la farmacolog\u00eda de las ondas cerebrales.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Al iluminar con luz blanca el cerebro\u00a0intacto\u00a0tratado previamente con PAI, los investigadores pudieron modular las oscilaciones lentas espont\u00e1neas en los circuitos neuronales y manipular reversiblemente la frecuencia de oscilaci\u00f3n del cerebro.\u00a0Esta nueva herramienta de\u00a0ingenier\u00eda qu\u00edmica\u00a0ha permitido\u00a0inducir e investigar en detalle, de forma controlada y no invasiva, las transiciones\u00a0cerebrales\u00a0del sue\u00f1o\u00a0hacia el\u00a0estado de vigilia utilizando iluminaci\u00f3n\u00a0directa.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En nuestro cerebro, la actividad electroqu\u00edmica de las neuronas es impulsada por mol\u00e9culas conocidas como neuromoduladores,\u00a0como\u00a0por ejemplo la acetilcolina (ACh), a trav\u00e9s de su uni\u00f3n a receptores colin\u00e9rgicos. Sin embargo, no se\u00a0sabe exactamente cu\u00e1l es la\u00a0contribuci\u00f3n de las diferentes c\u00e9lulas que expresan los receptores\u00a0ACh\u00a0en el comportamiento cerebral global. El uso de f\u00e1rmacos colin\u00e9rgicos selectivos y\u00a0fotomodulables\u00a0como PAI para lograr una modulaci\u00f3n\u00a0muy precisa\u00a0de la actividad cerebral,\u00a0abre el camino para\u00a0la realizaci\u00f3n de\u00a0investigaciones\u00a0neurocient\u00edficas\u00a0b\u00e1sicas de forma\u00a0precisa y para desarrollar estimulaciones\u00a0cerebrales y\u00a0futuras terapias.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEl\u00a0fotocontrol\u00a0de los receptores end\u00f3genos y sus funciones en el sistema nervioso central, como la transici\u00f3n entre diferentes estados cerebrales, es un\u00a0gran\u00a0logro de las tecnolog\u00edas de\u00a0neuromodulaci\u00f3n\u201d.<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Dra.\u00a0Almudena Barbero-Castillo\u00a0(IDIBAPS),\u00a0co-primera\u00a0autora del estudio.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0<\/span>Art\u00edculo de referencia:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Almudena Barbero-Castillo, Fabio\u00a0Riefolo, Carlo Matera, Sara Caldas-Mart\u00ednez, Pedro Mateos-Aparicio, Julia F.\u00a0Weinert, Aida Garrido-Charles, Enrique Claro,\u00a0Maria\u00a0V.\u00a0Sanchez-Vives, Pau Gorostiza.\u00a0<\/span>Control of Brain State Transitions with a\u00a0Photoswitchable\u00a0Muscarinic Agonist.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(2021).\u00a0Advanced\u00a0Science.\u00a0May 21; e2005027<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. F.\u00a0Riefolo, Dr. C. Matera, Dr. A. Garrido-Charles, Prof. P. Gorostiza son miembros del\u00a0Centro de Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN).<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Un estudio liderado por investigadores del IBEC y del IDIBAPS logra, por primera vez,\u00a0controlar\u00a0las transiciones de estados cerebrales utilizando una mol\u00e9cula sensible a la luz, denominada PAI. Los resultados podr\u00edan conducir al desarrollo de f\u00e1rmacos\u00a0fotomodulables\u00a0para\u00a0el tratamiento de lesiones cerebrales o\u00a0enfermedades como la depresi\u00f3n, los trastornos bipolares\u00a0y\u00a0las\u00a0enfermedades\u00a0de Parkinson o Alzheimer.\u00a0<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":85162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[239,1231,1152],"post_formats":[],"class_list":["post-85160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticias-de-investigacion","tag-activacion-por-luz","tag-luz","tag-pau-gorostiza-es"],"yoast_head":"\nConsiguen controlar\u00a0las\u00a0oscilaciones cerebrales\u00a0con luz\u00a0 - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ibecbarcelona.eu\/es\/consiguen-controlar-las-oscilaciones-cerebrales-con-luz\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Consiguen controlar\u00a0las\u00a0oscilaciones cerebrales\u00a0con luz\u00a0 - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0Un estudio liderado por investigadores del IBEC y del IDIBAPS logra, por primera vez,\u00a0controlar\u00a0las transiciones de estados cerebrales utilizando una mol\u00e9cula sensible a la luz, denominada PAI. 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