Publications

Cells sense mechanical forces and convert them into biochemical signals - a phenomenon called mechanotransduction, which regulates fundamental processes in health and disease. Cells can also be engineered to have exogenous, artificial mechanotransduction mechanisms; such systems implement a synthetic form of mechanotransduction, which could be applied to revert malignant phenotypes, modulate immunotherapies or to develop diagnostic tools. Here we review the status of the nascent field of synthetic mechanotransduction. First, we summarize the types of molecular mechanism known to be involved in endogenous mechanotransduction. Then, we explain how, by taking inspiration from endogenous systems, synthetic mechanotransduction systems have been developed. In its simpler form, these systems involve the expression of synthetic genes responding to natural force-sensing (mechanosensitive) proteins. In a more advanced form, they also include synthetic mechanosensitive proteins. Additionally, other systems have been developed to control force generation itself, resulting in control of tissue shape and function. Finally, we review general considerations for the design of synthetic mechanotransduction systems, and future challenges and opportunities.

JTD Keywords: Activation, Cell-adhesion, Fluid shear-stress, Force transmission, Integrin, Mechanical-stress, Membrane tension, Notch, Nuclear-envelope, Optogenetic control